More than 1.5 million children lost a parent or grandparent to Covid-19

More than 1.5 million children around the world, including 2,300 in Spain, are estimated to have lost at least one parent, custodial grandparent, or grandparent who lived with them due to death related to Covid-19 during the first 14 months of the pandemic, according to a study published in The Lancet on July 20.

The study highlights orphanhood as an urgent and overlooked consequence of the pandemic and emphasizes that providing evidence-based psychosocial and economic support to children who have lost a caregiver must be a key part of responding to the pandemic.

The analysis used mortality and fertility data to model rates of Covid-19-associated orphanhood, death of one or both parents, and deaths of custodial and co-residing grandparents aged 60-84, from March 1, 2020 to April 30, 2021, across 21 countries including Spain, England and Wales. This study was funded in part by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), part of the National Institutes of Health.

In the paper, “Covid-19-associated deaths” referred to the combination of deaths caused directly by Covid-19 and those caused indirectly by other associated causes, such as lockdowns, restrictions on gatherings and movement, decreased access or acceptability of health care and of treatment for chronic diseases.

Traumatic experiences, such as the loss of a parent or caregiver, are associated with increases in substance use, mental health conditions, and other behavioural and chronic health conditions.

“Studies like this play a crucial role in illuminating the Covid-19 pandemic’s long-lasting consequences for families and the future mental health and wellbeing of children across the globe,” said NIDA Director Nora D. Volkow. “Though the trauma a child experiences after the loss of a parent or caregiver can be devastating, there are evidence-based interventions that can prevent further adverse consequences, such as substance use, and we must ensure that children have access to these interventions.”

To estimate pandemic-associated orphanhood and caregiver deaths, the study used excess mortality and Covid-19 mortality data for 21 countries that accounted for 77 per cent of global Covid-19 deaths during 2020 and early 2021. These include Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, England and Wales, France, Germany, India, Iran, Italy, Kenya, Malawi, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Russian Federation, South Africa, Spain, United States, and Zimbabwe.

The authors estimate that 1,134,000 children lost a parent or custodial grandparent due to Covid-19-associated death. Of these, 1,042,000 children were orphaned of a mother, father, or both — most lost one, not both parents. Overall, 1,562,000 children are estimated to have experienced the death of at least one parent or a custodial or other co-residing grandparent or other older relative.

The countries with the highest numbers of children who lost primary caregivers – parents or custodial grandparents – included South Africa, Peru, United States, India, Brazil, and Mexico. The countries with rates of Covid-19-associated deaths among primary caregivers included Peru, South Africa, Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, Iran, United States, Argentina, and Russia.

The study found that for every country, Covid-19 associated deaths were greater in men than women, particularly in middle- and older-ages. Overall, there were up to five times more children who lost a father than who lost a mother.

“We know from our research that loss of a parent or caregiver can upend children’s lives and potentially affect their development if they are not in a stable home setting. If we take into consideration variants of concern or possible severity of illness among youth, we must not forget that the pandemic continues to pose a threat to parents and caregivers and their children,” said Chuck A. Nelson, study author, Boston Children’s Hospital.

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